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lsof is a command meaning "list open files", which is used in many Unix-like systems to report a list of all open files and the processes that opened them. This open source utility was developed and supported by Victor A. Abell, the retired Associate Director of the Purdue University Computing Center.
The command ls -l is executed as a process, the output (stdout) of which is piped to the input (stdin) of the process for grep key; and likewise for the process for less. Each process takes input from the previous process and produces output for the next process via standard streams.
Take for example one line in the ls -l output: drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 home POSIX specifies [5] the format of the output for the long format (-l option). In particular, the first field (before the first space) is dubbed the "file mode string", here drwxr-xr-x. Its first character describes the file type, here d (directory).
Is exactly like "ls -C -b". (Files are by default listed in columns and sorted vertically.) dircolors: Set up color for ls: install: Copies files and set attributes ln: Creates a link to a file ls: Lists the files in a directory mkdir: Creates a directory mkfifo: Makes named pipes (FIFOs) mknod: Makes block or character special files: mktemp
Example usage of tee: The output of ls -l is redirected to tee which copies them to the file file.txt and to the pager less. The name tee comes from this scheme - it looks like the capital letter T. The tee command is normally used to split the output of a program so that it can be both displayed and saved in a file. The command can be used to ...
Modern Linux distributions include a /sys directory as a virtual filesystem (sysfs, comparable to /proc, which is a procfs), which stores and allows modification of the devices connected to the system, [20] whereas many traditional Unix-like operating systems use /sys as a symbolic link to the kernel source tree.
In the Linux kernel, the fat, hfs, hpfs, ntfs, and udf file system drivers support a umask mount option, which controls how the disk information is mapped to permissions. This is not the same as the per-process mask described above, although the permissions are calculated in a similar way.
A common interactive use of cat for a single file is to output the content of a file to standard output. However, if the output is piped or redirected, cat is unnecessary. A cat written with UUOC might still be preferred for readability reasons, as reading a piped stream left-to-right might be easier to conceptualize. [14]