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As pressure increases on the nerves, the blood flow decreases. [1] Nerves respond with altered sensations like tingling and numbness. Fluid collects in the foot when standing and walking and this makes the condition worse. As small muscles lose their nerve supply they can create a cramping feeling.
Ask the patient to walk a short distance, turn and then walk back. Observation: looking for symmetry, smoothness of movement, normal stride length, pelvic tilt, arm swing, normal heel strike, stance, toe-off, swing through and ability to turn with ease. Note any antalgic, trendelenburg, hemiplegic or parkinsonian gait features. Arms, legs and spine
Cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs is the nerve supply to areas of the skin of the lower limbs (including the feet) which are supplied by specific cutaneous nerves. Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves , but there are minor variations in some of the details.
The Achilles reflex checks if the S 1 and S 2 [3] nerve roots are intact and could be indicative of sciatic nerve pathology. It is classically delayed in hypothyroidism. This reflex is usually absent in disk herniations at the L 5 —S 1 level. A reduction in the ankle jerk reflex may also be indicative of peripheral neuropathy.
Involuntary extension of the "normal" leg occurs when flexing the contralateral leg against resistance. To perform the test, the examiner should hold one hand under the heel of the "normal" limb and ask the patient to flex the contralateral hip against resistance (while the patient is supine), asking the patient to keep the weak leg straight while raising it.
A nerve root (Latin: radix nervi) is the initial segment of a nerve leaving the central nervous system.Nerve roots can be classified as: Cranial nerve roots: the initial or proximal segment of one of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves leaving the central nervous system from the brain stem or the highest levels of the spinal cord.
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Tandem gait is a gait (method of walking) with very small steps in a straight line so that, with each step, the heel of the foot that steps forward is placed immediately in front of, or just touching, the toes of the rear/supporting foot. Neurologists may ask someone to walk as if they are on a tightrope to bring forth tandem gait.