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The Gaussian function has a 1/e 2 diameter (2w as used in the text) about 1.7 times the FWHM.. At a position z along the beam (measured from the focus), the spot size parameter w is given by a hyperbolic relation: [1] = + (), where [1] = is called the Rayleigh range as further discussed below, and is the refractive index of the medium.
In optics, the complex beam parameter is a complex number that specifies the properties of a Gaussian beam at a particular point z along the axis of the beam. It is usually denoted by q . It can be calculated from the beam's vacuum wavelength λ 0 , the radius of curvature R of the phase front , the index of refraction n ( n =1 for air), and ...
In laser science, the parameter M 2, also known as the beam propagation ratio or beam quality factor is a measure of laser beam quality. It represents the degree of variation of a beam from an ideal Gaussian beam. [1] It is calculated from the ratio of the beam parameter product (BPP) of the beam to that of a Gaussian beam with the same wavelength.
Gaussian beam width () as a function of the axial distance .: beam waist; : confocal parameter; : Rayleigh length; : total angular spread In optics and especially laser science, the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range, , is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to the place where the area of the cross section is doubled. [1]
Each optical element (surface, interface, mirror, or beam travel) is described by a 2 × 2 ray transfer matrix which operates on a vector describing an incoming light ray to calculate the outgoing ray. Multiplication of the successive matrices thus yields a concise ray transfer matrix describing the entire optical system.
A Gaussian beam has the lowest possible BPP, /, where is the wavelength of the light. [1] The ratio of the BPP of an actual beam to that of an ideal Gaussian beam at the same wavelength is denoted M 2 ("M squared"). This parameter is a wavelength-independent measure of beam quality.
If the beam is distributed in phase space with a Gaussian distribution, the emittance of the beam may be specified in terms of the root mean square value of and the fraction of the beam to be included in the emittance. The equation for the emittance of a Gaussian beam is: [1]: 83
p is the associated Laguerre polynomial of order p and index l, and w is the spot size of the mode corresponding to the Gaussian beam radius. Cylindrical transverse mode with p=2, l=1. With p = l = 0, the TEM 00 mode is the lowest order. It is the fundamental transverse mode of the laser resonator and has the same form as a Gaussian beam.