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In a photoionization detector, high-energy photons, typically in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range, break molecules into positively charged ions. [2] As compounds enter the detector they are bombarded by high-energy UV photons and are ionized when they absorb the UV light, resulting in ejection of electrons and the formation of positively charged ions.
Photo-ionization detector (PID) -- uses UV light to produce ions; Helium ionization detector (HID) -- uses a radioactive source to produce helium ions, which in turn ionize the components; Discharge ionization detector (DID) -- uses an electric spark source to produce helium ions, which in turn ionize the components
The easiest and very effective method to prevent PID is to install a reversal device from the first day of installation. See Anti-PID manufacturers in the "Reversal" section below. The phenomenon does not affect photovoltaic installations with micro-inverters, as the voltages are too low to facilitate Potential Induced Degradation. [9]
When either the laser intensity is further increased or a longer wavelength is applied as compared with the regime in which multi-photon ionization takes place, a quasi-stationary approach can be used and results in the distortion of the atomic potential in such a way that only a relatively low and narrow barrier between a bound state and the continuum states remains.
The above table simplifies the dopant process. In fact, there may be extensive ion-molecule chemistry between dopant and solvent before the analyte becomes ionized. APPI can also produce negative ions by creating a high abundance of thermal electrons from dopant or solvent ionization or by photons striking metal surfaces in the ionization source.
Ionic potential is the ratio of the electrical charge (z) to the radius (r) of an ion. [1]= = As such, this ratio is a measure of the charge density at the surface of the ion; usually the denser the charge, the stronger the bond formed by the ion with ions of opposite charge.
Flame ionization detectors cannot detect inorganic substances and some highly oxygenated or functionalized species like infrared and laser technology can. In some systems, CO and CO 2 can be detected in the FID using a methanizer, which is a bed of Ni catalyst that reduces CO and CO 2 to methane, which can be in turn detected by the FID.
Local ionization potential map – Is defined as the sum over orbital electron densities, ρi(r) times absolute orbital energies, ∈i, and divided by the total electron density, ρ(r). The local ionization potential reflects the relative ease of electron removal ("ionization") at any location around a molecule.