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If the sum contains more than one digit, the value of the tens place is carried into the next diagonal (see Step 2). Step 2. Numbers are filled to the left and to the bottom of the grid, and the answer is the numbers read off down (on the left) and across (on the bottom). In the example shown, the result of the multiplication of 58 with 213 is ...
To multiply two numbers with n digits using this method, one needs about n 2 operations. More formally, multiplying two n-digit numbers using long multiplication requires Θ(n 2) single-digit operations (additions and multiplications).
The classical method of multiplying two n-digit numbers requires n 2 digit multiplications. Multiplication algorithms have been designed that reduce the computation time considerably when multiplying large numbers.
The grid method (also known as the box method) of multiplication is an introductory approach to multi-digit multiplication calculations that involve numbers larger than ten. Because it is often taught in mathematics education at the level of primary school or elementary school , this algorithm is sometimes called the grammar school method.
In primary school students start with single digit arithmetic exercises. Later most exercises involve at least two digits. A common exercise in elementary algebra calls for factorization of polynomials. Another exercise is completing the square in a quadratic polynomial.
Two important generalizations of natural numbers arise from the two uses of counting and ordering: cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. A natural number can be used to express the size of a finite set; more precisely, a cardinal number is a measure for the size of a set, which is even suitable for infinite sets.