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Fermat's little theorem and some proofs; Gödel's completeness theorem and its original proof; Mathematical induction and a proof; Proof that 0.999... equals 1; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Proof that e is irrational; Proof that π is irrational; Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges
It was first conjectured in 1939 by Ott-Heinrich Keller, [1] and widely publicized by Shreeram Abhyankar, as an example of a difficult question in algebraic geometry that can be understood using little beyond a knowledge of calculus. The Jacobian conjecture is notorious for the large number of attempted proofs that turned out to contain subtle ...
An elementary proof is a proof which only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis . For some time it was thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem , could only be proved using "higher" mathematics.
The proof [3] is based on a fact that a semigroup S is finitely generated if and only if its semigroup algebra [] is a finitely generated algebra over . To prove Gordan's lemma, by induction (cf. the proof above), it is enough to prove the following statement: for any unital subsemigroup S of Z d {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{d}} ,
This allows for the following proof due to Roger B. Nelsen: [3] The (white) squares of side lengths x 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}} and y 2 {\displaystyle y^{2}} appear each twice and the colored areas equal the area of the white square of side length ( x + y ) 2 {\displaystyle (x+y)^{2}} , hence the area of the outer square equals twice the sum of ...
These proofs of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra must make use of the following two facts about real numbers that are not algebraic but require only a small amount of analysis (more precisely, the intermediate value theorem in both cases):
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Italian school of algebraic geometry. Most gaps in proofs are caused either by a subtle technical oversight, or before the 20th century by a lack of precise definitions. A major exception to this is the Italian school of algebraic geometry in the first half of the 20th century, where lower standards of rigor gradually became acceptable.