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Some early gas engines worked on the "vacuum" or "atmospheric" principle in a similar way to the Newcomen steam engine.A mixture of gas and air was eaten by the cylinder and ignited; the mixture expanded and part of it escaped through the exhaust valve; the valve then closed, the mixture cooled and contracted, and atmospheric pressure pushed the piston in.
Manifold vacuum, or engine vacuum in a petrol engine is the difference in air pressure between the engine's intake manifold and Earth's atmosphere. Manifold vacuum is an effect of a piston's movement on the induction stroke and the airflow through a throttle in the intervening carburetor or throttle body leading to the intake manifold. It is a ...
In a naturally aspirated engine, air for combustion (Diesel cycle in a diesel engine or specific types of Otto cycle in petrol engines, namely petrol direct injection) or an air/fuel mixture (traditional Otto cycle petrol engines), is drawn into the engine's cylinders by atmospheric pressure acting against a partial vacuum that occurs as the piston travels downwards toward bottom dead centre ...
The atmospheric engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, and is often referred to as the Newcomen fire engine (see below) or simply as a Newcomen engine. The engine was operated by condensing steam drawn into the cylinder, thereby creating a partial vacuum which allowed the atmospheric pressure to push the piston into the cylinder.
It premiered March 3, 2021 on Hunkin's YouTube channel [7] with an episode on chain and belts. In the last episode of series 1, Hunkin commented that he may make another series the following winter. A 5 episode second series then debuted in spring 2022. On March 27, 2023, a third series of four episodes was announced on Hunkin's YouTube channel ...
The vacuum is only an assist and the brakes can still function, requiring greater force, if the booster vacuum is used up. Many older vehicles used vacuum-powered windshield wipers. Loss of manifold vacuum when the engine was working hard, or at wide open throttle, necessitated using a vacuum booster pump which was usually part of the fuel pump.
Each version of the engine has a corresponding Raptor Vacuum (RVac) variant [78] with an extended, regeneratively-cooled nozzle for higher specific impulse in space. The vacuum-optimized Raptor targets a specific impulse of ≈380 s (3,700 m/s). [8] A full-duration test of version 1 of Raptor Vacuum was completed in September 2020 at McGregor. [78]
An unplanned test of a modified Merlin Vacuum engine was made in December 2010. Shortly before the scheduled second flight of the Falcon 9, two cracks were discovered in the 2.7-meter-long (9 ft) niobium-alloy-sheet nozzle of the Merlin Vacuum engine. The engineering solution was to cut off the lower 1.2 m (4 ft) of the nozzle and launch two ...