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Mining of sulfur from a deposit at the edge of Ijen's crater lake, Indonesia. Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory.
Anti-mining protests in Peru have emerged as a significant expression of resistance against large-scale mining projects that pose environmental and social threats to local communities. One notable instance is the resistance against the Conga mining project in the Cajamarca region.
Mining can provide various advantages to societies, yet it can also spark conflicts, particularly regarding land use both above and below the surface. [2] Mining operations remain rigorous and intrusive, often resulting in significant environmental impacts on local ecosystems and broader implications for planetary environmental health. [3]
Around five percent of the Earth's crust is composed of iron making it the fourth most abundant element. [6] Globally, iron ore is most commonly found in banded iron formations (BIFs) in the form of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), goethite (FeO(OH)), limonite (FeO(OH)·n(H 2 O)) or siderite (FeCO 3 ). [ 7 ]
Responsible mining is commonly defined as mining that involves and respects all stakeholders, minimizes and takes account of its environmental impact, and prioritizes a fair division of economic and financial benefits. [1] [2] [3] There is a strong focus on stakeholder engagement, involving governments and the affected communities.
The Monongah Mining Disaster was the worst mining accident of American history; 362 workers were killed in an underground explosion on December 6, 1907, in Monongah, West Virginia. The U.S. Bureau of Mines was created in 1910 to investigate accidents, advise industry, conduct production and safety research, and teach courses in accident ...
Coal mining has been a very dangerous activity and the list of historical coal mining disasters is long. In the U.S., 104,895 coal miners were killed in mine accidents since 1900, [32] 90 percent of the fatalities occurring in the first half of the 20th century. 3,242 died in 1907, the worst year ever; in 2020 there were five. [33]
Mining is important to the economy of Ethiopia as a diversification from agriculture. Currently, mining comprises only 1% of GDP. Currently, mining comprises only 1% of GDP. Gold , gemstones (diamonds and sapphires), and industrial minerals are important commodities for the country's export-oriented growth strategy.