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Fetal death, fetal demise [1] Ultrasound is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk. Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, neonatology, pediatrics, Symptoms: Fetal death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of pregnancy [1] [2]: Overview tab Causes: Often unknown, pregnancy complications [1] [3] Risk factors
Perinatal loss affects one in every ten women across the globe [2] with the worldwide perinatal death rate at approximately 2.7 million deaths per year. [3] Perinatal death is recognized as a traumatic life event as it is often sudden, unexpected, and devastating to parents who have had little to no direct life experiences with their child ...
Up to 30ml of foetal-maternal transfusion may take place with no significant signs or symptoms seen in either mother or foetus. [3] Loss in excess of this may result in significant morbidity and mortality to the fetus. Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is one cause of intrauterine death (IUD).
Intrauterine hypoxia can be attributed to maternal, placental, or fetal conditions. [12] Kingdom and Kaufmann classifies three categories for the origin of fetal hypoxia: 1) pre-placental (both mother and fetus are hypoxic), 2) utero-placental (mother is normal but placenta and fetus is hypoxic), 3) post-placental (only fetus is hypoxic). [13]
Severe pre-eclampsia is a significant risk factor for intrauterine fetal death. A rise in baseline blood pressure (BP) of 30 mmHg systolic or 15 mmHg diastolic, while not meeting the absolute criteria of 140/90, is important to note but is not considered diagnostic.
A 2008 bulletin from the World Health Organization estimates that 900,000 total infants die each year from birth asphyxia, making it a leading cause of death for newborns. [11] In the United States, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia was listed as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death. [12]
Placental villous immaturity is chorionic villous development that is inappropriate for the gestational age. It is associated with diabetes mellitus [1] and fetal death near term, i.e. intrauterine demise close to the normal gestational period. [2]
Among women who know they are pregnant, the miscarriage rate is roughly 10% to 20%, while rates among all fertilisation is around 30% to 50%. [1] [7] In those under the age of 35, the risk is about 10% while in those over the age of 40, the risk is about 45%. [1] Risk begins to increase around the age of 30. [7]