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Queen Victoria reigned as the monarch of Britain's colonies and as Empress of India. The influence of British imperialism and British culture was powerful throughout the Victorian era. Women's roles in the colonial countries were determined by the expectations associated with loyalty to the Crown and the cultural standards that it symbolised.
France deemed convents as an alternative to prisons for unmarried or rebellious women and children. [2] It was also where young girls were educated as they waited to be married. During the 17th century, over 80,000 women lived and were educated in convents. [3] [4] Nuns never received monetary compensation.
Women in France obtained many reproductive rights in the second half of the 20th century. The Neuwirth Act of 1967 authorized contraception. [9] The Veil Law of 1975 legalized abortion. [9] The maternal mortality rate in France is 8.00 deaths/100,000 live births (as of 2010). [10] France's HIV/AIDS rate is 0.4% of adults (aged 15–49 ...
The Victorian Era was a time of the Industrial Revolution, with authors Charles Dickens and Charles Darwin, the railway and shipping booms, profound scientific discoveries, and the invention of ...
In the early modern period, colleges were established by various Catholic orders, notably the Oratorians.In parallel, universities further developed in France. Louis XIV's Ordonnance royale sur les écoles paroissiales of 13 December 1698 obliged parents to send their children to the village schools until their 14th year of age, ordered the villages to organise these schools, and set the wages ...
Serious articles about women in education and politics accompanied style and society notes, short fiction and poetry and biographical pieces on famous, usually aristocratic, women. The Woman's World addressed an élite but expanding readership of middle and upper class educated women with literary and social credentials. [6]
The querelle des femmes or "dispute of women" originally referred to a literary genre and broad debate, that originated in humanistic and aristocratic circles in the Italian peninsula and France during the early modern period, regarding the nature of women, their capabilities, and whether they should be permitted to study, write, or govern in the same manner as men.
Free public secondary education to women. [181] Public teachers training schools open to women. [181] 1881: United Kingdom Women are allowed to take the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams, following Charlotte Scott's unofficial ranking as eighth wrangler. [182] United States American Association of University Women is founded. [183] 1882 ...