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Because germanium and gallium arsenide have nearly identical lattice constant, germanium substrates can be used to make gallium-arsenide solar cells. [80] Germanium is the substrate of the wafers for high-efficiency multijunction photovoltaic cells for space applications, such as the Mars Exploration Rovers , which use triple-junction gallium ...
Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO 2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). [4] The dioxide, GeO 2 can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide (GeS 2) or by allowing elemental germanium to slowly oxidze in air, [5] and is a white powder that is only slightly soluble in water but reacts with alkalis to form germanates. [4]
Organogermanium compounds are used in relatively few commercial applications. Isobutylgermane, a volatile colorless liquid, is used in MOVPE (Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy) in the deposition of Ge semiconductor films. Propagermanium, also known as Ge-132, and spirogermanium are drugs. [citation needed]
Germanium dioxide is also used as a catalyst in production of polyethylene terephthalate resin, [13] and for production of other germanium compounds. It is used as a feedstock for production of some phosphors and semiconductor materials. Germanium dioxide is used in algaculture as an inhibitor of unwanted diatom growth in algal cultures
In addition to the ability of germanium to exhibit 4, 5 or 6 coordination, the greater length of the Ge–O bond in the {GeO 4} tetrahedral unit compared to Si–O in {SiO 4} and the narrower Ge–O–Ge angle (130°–140°) between corner shared tetrahedra allow for unusual framework structures. [13]
Germanane is a single-layer crystal composed of germanium with one hydrogen bonded in the z-direction for each atom, [1] in contrast to germanene which contains no hydrogen. In material science, great interest is shown in related single layered materials, such as graphene, composed of carbon, and silicene, composed of silicon.
Many Hindi speakers with Internet use English Wikipedia instead. Given the great geographic spread of the Hindi language, the contributors to the Hindi project live in various areas around the country. There are also prolific users whose native language is not Hindi, as Hindi is a government language in India alongside English.
The material is created in a process similar to that of silicene and graphene, in which high vacuum and high temperature are used to deposit a layer of germanium atoms on a substrate. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] High-quality thin films of germanene have revealed unusual two-dimensional structures with novel electronic properties suitable for ...