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In practice monopoles are mainly used at the two lowest resonant frequencies; where the element is one quarter of the wavelength long (/), the quarter-wave monopole, or one half of the wavelength long (/), the half-wave monopole, because their radiation patterns consist of a single lobe in horizontal directions, perpendicular to the antenna axis.
Additionally, a spin pumping effect has been observed with fields applied in parallel to the planes of few-layer ferromagnetic nano-meshes, while a magnetoresistance hysteresis loop is evident under perpendicular fields. Charge-neutral graphene has demonstrated magnetoresistance exceeding 100% in magnetic fields generated by standard permanent ...
In addition, a moving charged body in a magnetic field experiences a force that is also proportional to its charge, in a direction perpendicular to both the field and the body's direction of motion. Using the vector cross product , F = q E + q v × B . {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\mathbf {E} +q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} .}
The highest transition temperature (by June 2009) T c = 11.5 K is achieved in CaC 6, and it further increases under applied pressure (15.1 K at 8 GPa). [67] Graphite's ability to intercalate lithium ions without significant damage from swelling is what makes it the dominant anode material in lithium-ion batteries.
A description of the projective geometry can be constructed in the geometric algebra using basic operations. For example, given two distinct points in RP n−1 represented by vectors a and b the line containing them is given by a ∧ b (or b ∧ a). Two lines intersect in a point if A ∧ B = 0 for their bivectors A and B. This point is given ...
[79] [80] It is also used to charge electric vehicles such as cars and to either charge or power transit vehicles like buses and trains. [ 57 ] However the fastest growing use is wireless charging pads to recharge mobile and handheld wireless devices such as laptop and tablet computers , computer mouse , cellphones , digital media players , and ...
Chemicals such as boron (p-type) are applied into the semiconductor crystal in order to create donor and acceptor energy levels substantially closer to the valence and conductor bands. [61] In doing so, the addition of boron impurity allows the activation energy to decrease twenty-fold from 1.12 eV to 0.05 eV.