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Liberalism holds that state preferences, rather than state capabilities, are the primary determinant of state behavior. Unlike realism, where the state is seen as a unitary actor, liberalism allows for plurality in state actions. Thus, preferences will vary from state to state, depending on factors such as culture, economic system or government ...
Realism, a school of thought in international relations theory, is a theoretical framework that views world politics as an enduring competition among self-interested states vying for power and positioning within an anarchic global system devoid of a centralized authority.
Some scholars have lamented the so-called "paradigm wars", particularly between (neo)realism and (neo)liberalism. Jack S. Levy argues that while the realism-liberalism debate “has imposed some order on a chaotic field,” the distinction ignores diversity within each of the two camps and inhibits attempts at synthesis.
According to the international relations theory of Liberalism, absolute gain is what international actors look at in determining their interests, weighing out the total effects of a decision on the state or organization and acting accordingly. The international actor's interests not only include power but also encompass the economic and ...
The distinction corresponds to the utopian versus dystopian spectrum used in some theoretical assessments of liberalism, and the book's title is borrowed from the work of the anti-utopian classic-liberal theorist Karl Popper. Other proposed axes include: Focus of political concern: communitarianism vs. individualism.
Liberalism comes from the Latin liber meaning "free", referring originally to the philosophy of freedom. [6] Its roots lie in the broader liberal thought originating in the Enlightenment . The central issues that it seeks to address are the problems of achieving lasting peace and cooperation in international relations, and the various methods ...
Liberal internationalism has been the dominant foreign policy ideology of the United States since the 1950s. [116] Realism grew in popularity among liberals in the early-21st century in response to the interventionist neoconservatism of the Bush administration. [117] Progressive Americans support pacifism and antihegemonism in foreign policy. [118]
Classical realism is an international relations theory from the realist school of thought. [1] Realism makes the following assumptions: states are the main actors in the international relations system, there is no supranational international authority , states act in their own self-interest, and states want power for self-preservation. [ 2 ]