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Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. [3] The average adult body contains in total approximately 1 kg, 99% in the skeleton in the form of calcium phosphate salts. [3] The extracellular fluid (ECF) contains approximately 22 mmol, of which about 9 mmol is in the plasma. [4]
Phosphate-binding medications include sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate, calcium carbonate, and calcium acetate. [7] Previously aluminum hydroxide was the medication of choice, but its use has been largely abandoned due to the increased risk of aluminum toxicity .
Hyperphosphatemia causes acute kidney injury in tumor lysis syndrome, because of deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the kidney parenchyma. [2] Hypocalcemia. Because of the hyperphosphatemia, calcium is precipitated to form calcium phosphate, leading to hypocalcemia. [2] Symptoms of hypocalcemia include (but are not limited to): [9] tetany
Calcium buffering describes the processes which help stabilise the concentration of free calcium ions within cells, in a similar manner to how pH buffers maintain a stable concentration of hydrogen ions. [1] The majority of calcium ions within the cell are bound to intracellular proteins, leaving a minority freely dissociated. [2]
Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening ( calcification ) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria , [ 2 ] leading to cell death.
Non-calcium-based phosphate binders, including lanthanum carbonate, form insoluble complexes with phosphates in food, thereby reducing the amount of phosphate in the body. [1] Sevelamer carbonate. Sevelamer is an insoluble polymeric amine, which is protonated once in the intestines and this allows it to bind dietary phosphate.
Osteonectin is a 40 kDa acidic and cysteine-rich glycoprotein consisting of a single polypeptide chain that can be broken into 4 domains: 1) a Ca 2+ binding domain near the glutamic acid-rich region at the amino terminus (domain I), 2) a cysteine-rich domain (II), 3) a hydrophilic region (domain III), and 4) an EF hand motif at the carboxy terminus region (domain IV).
Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca 2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca 2+ is important for cellular signaling . Once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins .