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A quorum of 6,000 was required for ostracism under the Athenian democracy, according to Plutarch; a similar quorum was necessary in the following century for grants of citizenship. [1] A quorum is the minimum number of members of a group necessary to constitute the group at a meeting. [2]
The quorum-based voting for replica control is due to [Gifford, 1979]. [3] Each copy of a replicated data item is assigned a vote. Each operation then has to obtain a read quorum (V r) or a write quorum (V w) to read or write a data item, respectively. If a given data item has a total of V votes, the quorums have to obey the following rules:
For practical purposes, a quorum call is a delaying measure that permits the Senate leadership to work out some difficulty or to await a Senator's arrival. [1] [2] Because of differences in procedure between the two bodies, quorum calls in the House are fairly rare, but they are quite common in the Senate.
To require a two-thirds vote, for example, to take any action would be to give to any number more than one-third of the members the power to defeat the action and amount to a delegation of the powers of the body to a minority." [52] Some states require a supermajority for passage of a constitutional amendment or statutory initiative. [53]
Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators almost always request ...
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The size of these groups, as expressed by the number of people/etc in a group such as eight groups of nine people in each one, is an important aspect of their social environment. Group size tend to be highly variable even within the same species, thus we often need statistical measures to quantify group size and statistical tests to compare ...
Quorum sensing (QS) is used by bacteria to form biofilms. Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to form biofilms because the process determines if the minimum number of bacteria necessary for biofilm formation are present. The criteria to form a biofilm is dependent on a certain density of bacteria rather than a certain number of bacteria being ...