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Translation of Oljeitu's message by Buscarello de Ghizolfi, on the back of the letter (visible here). Imperial seal of Bogd Khan in 1911. From left to right: in Soyombo, Classical Mongolian and ʼPhags-pa. The Imperial Seal of the Mongols is a seal that was used by the Mongols.
Genghis Khan [a] (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, [b] was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes , he launched a series of military campaigns , conquering large parts of China and Central Asia .
The Daur Mongol scholar Urgunge Onon published the first translation into English by a native Mongolian in 1990, based on a 1980 Inner Mongolian version by Eldengtei. This was republished as The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan in 2001. A further English translation by Christopher P. Atwood appeared in 2023.
Gur Khan, meaning supreme or universal Khan, was the ruler of the Khitan Kara-Kitai, and has occasionally been used by the Mongols as well; Ilkhan, both a generic term for a 'provincial Khan' and traditional royal style for one of the four khanates in Genghis's succession, based in Persia. See the main article for more details.
Ögedei Khan, the third son of Genghis Khan and the second Great Khan, proclaimed the Great Yassa as an integral body of precedents at his coronation at the kurultai of 1229. [4] He confirmed the continuing validity of his father's commands and ordinances, and added his own. Ögedei codified rules of dress, as well as the conduct of the kurultais.
[sʊbeːˈdɛ]; Chinese: 速不台; c. 1175–1248) was a Mongol general and the primary military strategist of Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. [1] Subutai ultimately directed more than 20 campaigns and won 65 pitched battles , during which he conquered more territory than any other commander in history as part of the expansion of the Mongol ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 February 2025. Mongol-led dynasty of China (1271–1368) Great Yuan 大元 Dà Yuán (Chinese) ᠳᠠᠢ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ Dai Ön ulus (Mongolian) 1271–1368 Yuan dynasty (c. 1290) Status Khagan -ruled division of the Mongol Empire Conquest dynasty of Imperial China Capital Khanbaliq (now Beijing ...
Yesugei Baghatur or Yesükhei (Traditional Mongolian: ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ; Modern Mongolian: Есүхэй баатар, Yesukhei baatar, [ˈjosuxɛː ˈbaːtər]; Chinese: 也速該; pinyin: Yěsùgāi) (b. 1134 – d. 1171) was a major chief of the Khamag Mongol confederation and the father of Temüjin, who later became known as Genghis Khan.