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Robert Selman developed his developmental theory of role-taking ability based on four sources. [4] The first is the work of M. H. Feffer (1959, 1971), [5] [6] and Feffer and Gourevitch (1960), [7] which related role-taking ability to Piaget's theory of social decentering, and developed a projective test to assess children's ability to decenter as they mature. [4]
This machine invented the principle of the modern computer and was the birthplace of the stored program concept that almost all modern day computers use. [52] These hypothetical machines were designed to formally determine, mathematically, what can be computed, taking into account limitations on computing ability.
The first digital electronic computer was developed in the period April 1936 - June 1939, in the IBM Patent Department, Endicott, New York by Arthur Halsey Dickinson. [35] [36] [37] In this computer IBM introduced, a calculating device with a keyboard, processor and electronic output (display). The competitor to IBM was the digital electronic ...
The programs developed in the years after the Dartmouth Workshop were, to most people, simply "astonishing": [i] computers were solving algebra word problems, proving theorems in geometry and learning to speak English. Few at the time would have believed that such "intelligent" behavior by machines was possible at all.
Computer science is more theoretical (Turing's essay is an example of computer science), whereas software engineering is focused on more practical concerns. However, prior to 1946, software as we now understand it – programs stored in the memory of stored-program digital computers – did not yet exist.
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (/ ˈ l ɪ k l aɪ d ər /; March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), known simply as J. C. R. or "Lick", was an American psychologist [3] and computer scientist who is considered to be among the most prominent figures in computer science development and general computing history.
America Online CEO Stephen M. Case, left, and Time Warner CEO Gerald M. Levin listen to senators' opening statements during a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on the merger of the two ...
ENIAC (/ ˈ ɛ n i æ k /; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) [1] [2] was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. [3] [4] Other computers had some of these features, but ENIAC was the first to have them all.