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Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics.It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, [1] such as in the vicinity of black holes or similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in the early stages of the universe moments after the Big Bang.
Einstein, in 1905, when he wrote the Annus Mirabilis papers. 1900 – To explain black-body radiation (1862), Max Planck suggests that electromagnetic energy could only be emitted in quantized form, i.e. the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit E = hν, where h is the Planck constant and ν is the frequency of the radiation.
The magnetic quantum number measures the component of the angular momentum in a particular direction. The choice of direction is arbitrary; conventionally the z-direction is chosen. The fourth quantum number, the spin quantum number (pertaining to the "orientation" of the electron's spin) is denoted m s, with values + 1 ⁄ 2 or − 1 ⁄ 2.
1975 – Roberto Colella, Albert Overhauser, and Samuel Werner observe the quantum-mechanical phase shift of neutrons due to gravity. [195] Neutron interferometry was later used to test the principle of equivalence. [196] [197] [198] 1975 – Chandrasekhar and Steven Detweiler compute the effects of perturbations on a Schwarzschild black hole ...
(Later, loop quantum gravity inherited this geometric interpretation of gravity, and posits that a quantum theory of gravity is fundamentally a quantum theory of spacetime.) In the 1920s, the French mathematician Élie Cartan formulated Einstein's theory in the language of bundles and connections, [ 1 ] a generalization of Riemannian geometry ...
Several decades after the discovery of general relativity, it was realized that it cannot be the complete theory of gravity because it is incompatible with quantum mechanics. [125] Later it was understood that it is possible to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory like the other fundamental forces .
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Theory of everything, or relativistic quantum gravity (c, G, h) Other cGh physics topics include Hawking radiation and black-hole thermodynamics . While there are several other physical constants, these three are given special consideration because they can be used to define all Planck units and thus all physical quantities. [ 6 ]