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In nature, controlling or the avoidance of pathogens is an essential fitness strategy because disease-causing agents are ever-present. [5] Pathogens reproduce rapidly at the expense of their hosts' fitness, this creates a coevolutionary arms race between pathogen transmission and host avoidance.
Studies show that olfactory cues of disease elicit disgust and predict pathogen avoidance behaviors. [12] In humans, body odors from diseased individuals are rated less desirable and likeable, [13] and perceived as unhealthier, more intense, and less pleasant. [14] Disgust of body odors is also influenced by the closeness of the source of odor.
The Wells-Riley model is a simple model of the airborne transmission of infectious diseases, [1] [2] developed by William F. Wells and Richard L. Riley for tuberculosis [3] and measles. [ 4 ] Wells-Riley can also be applied to other diseases transmitted in the air, such as COVID-19 .
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
In epidemiology, particularly in the discussion of infectious disease dynamics (modeling), the latent period (also known as the latency period or the pre-infectious period) is the time interval between when an individual or host is infected by a pathogen and when that individual becomes infectious, i.e. capable of transmitting pathogens to ...
Airborne transmission is complex, and hard to demonstrate unequivocally [20] but the Wells-Riley model can be used to make simple estimates of infection probability. [21] Some airborne diseases can affect non-humans. For example, Newcastle disease is an avian disease that affects many types of domestic poultry worldwide that is airborne.
Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) is a species of bacteria that is known to cause gastrointestinal infection and is typically associated with the hospital setting. [7] [8] Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium that causes Legionnaire's disease, a respiratory infection. [9] [10]