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Points in the polar coordinate system with pole O and polar axis L. In green, the point with radial coordinate 3 and angular coordinate 60 degrees or (3, 60°). In blue, the point (4, 210°). In mathematics, the polar coordinate system specifies a given point in a plane by using a distance and an angle as its two coordinates. These are
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A cylindrical coordinate system with origin O, polar axis A, and longitudinal axis L. The dot is the point with radial distance ρ = 4, angular coordinate φ = 130°, and height z = 4. A cylindrical vector is an extension of the concept of polar coordinates into three dimensions. It is akin to an arrow in the cylindrical coordinate system.
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Cartesian chart: Euclidean plane E 2: Bipolar coordinates. Biangular coordinates Two-center bipolar coordinates. Euclidean space E 3: Polar spherical chart. Cylindrical chart. Elliptical cylindrical, hyperbolic cylindrical, parabolic cylindrical charts; Parabolic chart. Hyperbolic chart. Prolate spheroidal chart (rational and trigonometric ...
The polar angle is denoted by [,]: it is the angle between the z-axis and the radial vector connecting the origin to the point in question. The azimuthal angle is denoted by φ ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] {\displaystyle \varphi \in [0,2\pi ]} : it is the angle between the x -axis and the projection of the radial vector onto the xy -plane.
In physics, a vector is additionally distinguished by how its coordinates change when one measures the same vector with respect to a different background coordinate system. The transformation properties of vectors distinguish a vector as a geometrically distinct entity from a simple list of scalars, or from a covector.
A third choice is the Gaussian polar chart, which correctly represents radial distances, but distorts transverse distances and angles. There are other possible charts; the article on spherically symmetric spacetime describes a coordinate system with intuitively appealing features for studying infalling matter.