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Pronation is a normal, desirable, and necessary component of the gait cycle. [4] Pronation is the first half of the stance phase, whereas supination starts the propulsive phase as the heel begins to lift off the ground. [5] An illustration of pronation and supination of the foot from an anatomy textbook
Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point towards the body. When the forearm and hand are supinated, the thumbs point away from the body. Pronation of the foot is turning of the sole outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the foot. [33]
The foot (pl.: feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates.It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion.In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate [clarification needed] organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws and/or nails.
Demonstration of the right foot in pronation, neutral and supinated subtalar joint placements. Over-pronation (excessive pronation) occurs when the ankle begins to roll inward by more than 5 degrees, demonstrated with the arrows. Walking gait cycle starting with the left leg demonstrated. The loading cycle is where foot pronation naturally occurs.
The foot provides the sensory information to the central nervous system through cutaneous afferent feedback, which originates from the special mechanoreceptors within the plantar surface of the foot. This afferent feedback has a strong influence on postural stability [ 1 ] and balance correction [ 2 ] during standing and walking.
The foot structures are divided into segments from proximal to distal and are grouped according to similarity in shape, dimension and function. In this approach, the foot may be described in three segments: as the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. The hindfoot is the most proximal and posterior portion of the foot. [22]
Researchers have also found that these running-related injuries affect the feet as well, because runners with previous injuries showed more foot eversion and over-pronation while running than non-injured runners. [60] This causes more loads and forces on the medial side of the foot, causing more stress on the tendons of the foot and ankle. [60]
A postcard of a woman on a beach in prone position. In anatomy, the prone position is a position of the human body lying face down.It is opposed to the supine position which is face up.