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Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
Extrapyramidal symptoms including dyskinesias (acute & delayed) Dystonic reactions; Cogwheel rigidity; Emotional lability; Psychosis; Suicidal ideation; Ataxias; Transient difficulty with recall; Serotonin syndrome; Parkinsonism; Restless leg syndrome; Restlessness; Eye pain; Altered sense of smell; Photophobia; Pressure on eyes; Inner ear ...
Symptoms may include tinnitus, [29] [125] psychosis, cognitive deficits, gastrointestinal complaints, insomnia, paraesthesia (tingling and numbness), pain (usually in limbs and extremities), muscle pain, weakness, tension, painful tremor, shaking attacks, jerks, dizziness and blepharospasm [20] and may occur even without a pre-existing history ...
Tremor; Respiratory depression; Epileptiform convulsions; Involuntary muscle contractions; Abnormal coordination; Syncope (fainting) Blurred vision; Dyspnoea (shortness of breath) Tinnitus (ringing in the ears) Migraine; Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (potentially fatal skin reactions) Motorial weakness; Creatinine ...
Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, or polyneuropathy), the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), or the process affecting the nerves; e.g., inflammation (), compression (compression neuropathy), chemotherapy (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy).
Of patients that enrolled in a 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 month study, perceived weakness was reported in 35.3%, 47.1% experienced numbness, 70.6% had tingling, cramps were present in 64.7% and after 24 months, only 5% had their symptoms resolved. Of all the patients, none developed Motor Neuron Disease. [11]
Treatment of myoclonus focuses on medications that may help reduce symptoms. Drugs used include sodium valproate, clonazepam, the anticonvulsant levetiracetam, and piracetam. [8] Dosages of clonazepam usually are increased gradually until the patient improves or side effects become harmful. Drowsiness and loss of coordination are common side ...
Often the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are not apparent until the individual comes off of the antipsychotic drugs; however, when tardive dyskinesia worsens, the signs become visible. [24] Other dopamine antagonists and antiemetics can cause tardive dyskinesia, such as metoclopramide and promethazine, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.