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The northern border of Sundaland is more difficult to define in bathymetric terms; a phytogeographic transition at approximately 9ºN is considered to be the northern boundary. [4] Greater portions of Sundaland were most recently exposed during the last glacial period from approximately 110,000 to 12,000 years ago.
Map of Sahul and Sunda. Geologically, the Sunda Shelf (/ ˈ s ʌ n d ə / [1]) is a south-eastern extension of the continental shelf of Mainland Southeast Asia.Major landmasses on the shelf include the Indonesian islands of Bali, Borneo, Java, Madura, and Sumatra, as well as their surrounding smaller islands. [2]
The Sunda plate is a minor tectonic plate straddling the equator in the Eastern Hemisphere on which the majority of Southeast Asia is located. [1]The Sunda plate was formerly considered a part of the Eurasian plate, but the GPS measurements have confirmed its independent movement at 10 mm/yr eastward relative to Eurasia.
Wallacea is defined as the series of islands stretching between the two continental shelves of Sunda and Sahul, but excluding the Philippines.Its eastern border (separating Wallacea from Sahul) is represented by a zoogeographical boundary known as Lydekker's Line, while the Wallace Line (separating Wallacea from Sunda) defines its western border.
"Sunda" also denotes continental shelves or landmasses. Indonesia itself has two shelves: the Sunda Shelf in the west and the Sahul/Arafuru Shelf in the east. Other terms associated with "Sunda" include the Sunda Island Arc or the arc of Sunda Islands, Sunda Fold or tectonic folding in the Natuna Sea, the Sunda Trench, and Sundaland. [1]
This reflects the sequence of accretionary wedge formation along the western side of the Philippine Mobile Belt. The youngest western ophiolitic zone was formed in the Sundaland – Philippine Mobile Belt boundary, while the older eastern ophiolite was formed in the proto-Philippine Plate and is the basal rock of the Philippine Mobile Belt. [31 ...
The main seismic zone of Sumatra is the Sumatra Fault System (SFS), which trends NW-SE. [43] The subducting oceanic crust is dated to be approximately 50 to 90 Ma. [ 6 ] A K/Ar study reveals that subducted-related magmatism in Sumatra started roughly in the early Mesozoic according to the evidence derived from the plutonic body on Barisan ...
"Sunda" denotes the continental shelves or landmasses: the Sunda Shelf in the west and the Sahul/Arafuru Shelf in the east. Other terms associated with "Sunda" include the Sunda Island Arc or the arc of Sunda Islands, Sunda Fold or tectonic folding in the Natuna Sea, the Sunda Trench, and Sundaland.