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AP-1 was first discovered as a TPA-activated transcription factor that bound to a cis-regulatory element of the human metallothionein IIa promoter and SV40. [3] The AP-1 binding site was identified as the 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element (TRE) with the consensus sequence 5’-TGA G/C TCA-3’. [4]
These genes encode leucine zipper proteins that can dimerize with proteins of the JUN family, thereby forming the transcription factor complex AP-1. As such, the FOS proteins have been implicated as regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation.
The AP-1 binding site, also known as the AP-1 promoter site, is a DNA sequence to which AP-1 transcription factors are able to bind. [1] The AP-1 binding site, in humans, has a nucleotide sequence of ATGAGTCAT, where A corresponds to adenine , T corresponds to thymine , G corresponds to guanine , and C corresponds to cytosine .
Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory. [1]
These genes encode leucine zipper proteins that can dimerize with proteins of the JUN family (e.g., c-Jun, JunD), thereby forming the transcription factor complex AP-1. As such, the FOS proteins have been implicated as regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. [5]
The best known class of these complexes is composed of NFAT and AP-1 or other bZIP proteins. This NFAT:AP-1 complex binds to the conventional Rel-family proteins DNA binding sites and is involved in gene transcription in immune cells. [13] [3]
Activating transcription factor, ATF, is a group of bZIP transcription factors, which act as homodimers or heterodimers with a range of other bZIP factors. [1] First, they have been described as members of the CREB/ATF family, [2] whereas it turned out later that some of them might be more similar to AP-1-like factors such as c-Jun or c-Fos. [3]
Transcription factor Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene. c-Jun, in combination with protein c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. It was first identified as the Fos-binding protein p39 and only later rediscovered as the product of the JUN gene. c-jun was the first oncogenic transcription factor ...