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A Berkeley socket is an application programming interface (API) for Internet domain sockets and Unix domain sockets, used for inter-process communication (IPC). It is commonly implemented as a library of linkable modules. It originated with the 4.2BSD Unix operating system, which was released in 1983.
However, the compiler automatically transforms the code so that the list will "silently" receive objects, while the source code only mentions primitive values. For example, the programmer can now write list . add ( 3 ) and think as if the int 3 were added to the list; but, the compiler will have actually transformed the line into list . add ...
The Berkeley sockets library fundamentally relies on the fact that in C, a pointer to struct sockaddr_in is freely convertible to a pointer to struct sockaddr; and, in addition, that the two structure types share the same memory layout.
Development of application programs that utilize this API is called socket programming or network programming. Internet socket APIs are usually based on the Berkeley sockets standard. In the Berkeley sockets standard, sockets are a form of file descriptor, due to the Unix philosophy that "everything is a file", and the analogies between sockets ...
In computing, language primitives are the simplest elements available in a programming language. A primitive is the smallest 'unit of processing' available to a programmer of a given machine, or can be an atomic element of an expression in a language. Primitives are units with a meaning, i.e., a semantic value in the language.
Any valid MPI-3.1 program is compatible with MPI-4.0. MPI-4.1 is a minor update focused on corrections and clarifications to the MPI-4.0 standard. It deprecates several routines, the MPI_HOST attribute key, and the mpif.h Fortran include file. A new routine has been added to inquire about the hardware running the MPI program. Any valid MPI-4.0 ...
That means that you can write programs for Nachos, compile them with a real compiler (an old gcc compiler [2] that produces code for MIPS) and run them. The Nachos kernel instead is compiled to the platform of the Host OS and thus runs natively on the Host OS' CPU. Nachos version 3.4 has been the stable, commonly used version of Nachos for many ...
A further condition of the settlement was that USL would not file further lawsuits against users and distributors of the Berkeley-owned code in the upcoming 4.4BSD release. [ 11 ] The final release from Berkeley was 1995's 4.4BSD-Lite Release 2 , after which the CSRG was dissolved and development of BSD at Berkeley ceased.