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Financial risk modeling is the use of formal mathematical and econometric techniques to measure, monitor and control the market risk, credit risk, and operational risk on a firm's balance sheet, on a bank's accounting ledger of tradeable financial assets, or of a fund manager's portfolio value; see Financial risk management.
In financial mathematics, a risk measure is used to determine the amount of an asset or set of assets (traditionally currency) to be kept in reserve. The purpose of this reserve is to make the risks taken by financial institutions , such as banks and insurance companies, acceptable to the regulator .
A Credit valuation adjustment (CVA), [a] in financial mathematics, is an "adjustment" to a derivative's price, as charged by a bank to a counterparty to compensate it for taking on the credit risk of that counterparty during the life of the transaction. "CVA" can refer more generally to several related concepts, as delineated aside.
Financial risk is any of various types of risk associated with financing, including financial transactions that include company loans in risk of default. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Often it is understood to include only downside risk , meaning the potential for financial loss and uncertainty about its extent.
Financial risk management is the practice of protecting economic value in a firm by managing exposure to financial risk - principally credit risk and market risk, with more specific variants as listed aside - as well as some aspects of operational risk.
Management selects a risk response strategy for specific risks identified and analyzed, which may include: Avoidance: exiting the activities giving rise to risk; Reduction: taking action to reduce the likelihood or impact related to the risk; Alternative Actions: deciding and considering other feasible steps to minimize risks
An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data.. In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, [1] (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. [2] A real option itself, is the right—but not the obligation—to undertake certain business initiatives, such as deferring, abandoning, expanding, staging, or contracting a capital investment project. [3]