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The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center.
Causes may include heart failure, kidney failure, narcotic poisoning, intracranial pressure, and hypoperfusion of the brain (particularly of the respiratory center). The pathophysiology of Cheyne–Stokes breathing can be summarized as apnea leading to increased CO 2 which causes excessive compensatory hyperventilation, in turn causing decreased CO 2 which causes apnea, restarting the cycle.
Apneustic respiration (a.k.a. apneusis) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release. Presentation
Central neurogenic hyperventilation (CNH) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep and rapid breaths at a rate of at least 25 breaths per minute. Increasing irregularity of this respiratory rate generally is a sign that the patient will enter into coma.
pneumotaxic center. Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation; Sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area; Involved in fine tuning of respiration rate. apneustic center. Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation. Sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area – activates and prolongs inhalations
The initial description of the preBötC was widely disseminated in a 1991 paper in Science, [1] but its discovery predates that paper by one year. [2] The team was led by Jack L. Feldman and Jeffrey C. Smith at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), but the Science paper [1] also included UCLA coauthor Howard Ellenberger, as well as Klaus Ballanyi and Diethelm W. Richter from ...
The neurocardiac axis is the link to many problems regarding the physiological functions of the body. This includes cardiac ischemia, stroke, epilepsy, heart arrhythmias and cardiac myopathies. Many of these problems are due to the imbalance of the nervous system, resulting in symptoms that affect both the heart and the brain. [6]
The cardiovascular centre affects changes to the heart rate by sending a nerve impulse to the cardiac pacemaker via two sets of nerves: sympathetic fibres, part of the autonomic nervous system, to make heart rate faster. the vagus nerve, part of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, to lower heart rate.