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Cut glass wine glass made of lead glass. Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. [1] Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by mass) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. [2]
[1] [2] Exposure to lead can occur by contaminated air, water, dust, food, or consumer products. [2] Lead poisoning poses a significantly increased risk to children and pets as they are far more likely to ingest lead indirectly by chewing on toys or other objects that are coated in lead paint. [2]
There is a relatively large difference in the electronegativity of lead(II) at 1.87 and lead(IV) at 2.33. This difference marks the reversal in the trend of increasing stability of the +4 oxidation state going down the carbon group; tin, by comparison, has values of 1.80 in the +2 oxidation state and 1.96 in the +4 state. [63]
2 Pb(NO 3) 2 → 2 PbO + 4 NO 2 + O 2 PbCO 3 → PbO + CO 2. PbO is produced on a large scale as an intermediate product in refining raw lead ores into metallic lead. The usual lead ore is galena (lead(II) sulfide). At a temperature of around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) in air, the sulfide converted to the oxide: [4] 2 PbS + 2 O 2 → 2 PbO + 2 SO 2
Credit card issuers and networks perform two distinct roles, though both can be considered credit card companies. Credit card issuers are responsible for card details, rates, fees and perks.
Lead(II,IV) oxide, also called red lead or minium, is the inorganic compound with the formula Pb 3 O 4.A bright red or orange solid, it is used as pigment, in the manufacture of batteries, and rustproof primer paints.
Disputing a credit card charge by asking for a "chargeback" can lead to being put on a blacklist that merchants can check for customers who might try to defraud them. Getting off the list costs ...
Stiegel's works was the first to make lead glass in America. [50] The lead glass of this time period, commonly known as crystal because it was colorless and transparent, was typically used for fine tableware. [51] According to the American Philosophical Society, Stiegel's lead glass was "equal in beauty and quality to the generality of Flint ...