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From the standpoint of chemistry, the noble gases may be divided into two groups: [citation needed] the relatively reactive krypton (ionisation energy 14.0 eV), xenon (12.1 eV), and radon (10.7 eV) on one side, and the very unreactive argon (15.8 eV), neon (21.6 eV), and helium (24.6 eV) on the other.
Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Oganesson; Solar System (for each atom of silicon) [20] 2343: 2.148: 0.1025: 5.515 × 10 −5: 5.391 × 10 −6 – – Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm) [21] 5.20: 18.20: 9340.00: 1.10: 0.09 (0.06–18) × 10 −19: 0 Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm) [12] 3 × 10 −3: 7 × 10 −5: 4 × 10 −2 – – 1 ...
Argon constitutes 0.934% by volume and 1.288% by mass of Earth's atmosphere. [23] Air is the primary industrial source of purified argon products. Argon is isolated from air by fractionation, most commonly by cryogenic fractional distillation, a process that also produces purified nitrogen, oxygen, neon, krypton and xenon. [24]
As of 2008, endohedral complexes with helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been created. [64] These compounds have found use in the study of the structure and reactivity of fullerenes by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance of the noble gas atom. [65] Bonding in XeF 2 according to the 3-center-4-electron bond model
Kinetic diameter is related to the mean free path of molecules in a gas. Mean free path is the average distance that a particle will travel without collision. For a fast moving particle (that is, one moving much faster than the particles it is moving through) the kinetic diameter is given by, [2] = where,
Ne, 10, neon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Ar, 18, argon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Kr, 36, krypton : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 Xe, 54, xenon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 Rn, 86, radon : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 Og, 118, oganesson : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s ...
Krypton is used in some photographic flashes for high speed photography. Krypton gas is also combined with mercury to make luminous signs that glow with a bright greenish-blue light. [39] Krypton is mixed with argon in energy efficient fluorescent lamps, reducing the power consumption, but also reducing the light output and raising the cost. [40]
However, Ramsauer and Townsend, independently observed [2] [3] that for slow-moving electrons in argon, krypton, or xenon, the probability of collision between the electrons and gas atoms obtains a minimum value for electrons with a certain amount of kinetic energy (about 1 electron volts for xenon gas [4]). [5]