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Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular causal [1] processes such as feedback and recursion, where the effects of a system's actions (its outputs) return as inputs to that system, influencing subsequent action. [2]
A mentoring session in pesantren.Kitab kuning is often employed and translated during such activities. In Indonesian Islamic education, Kitab kuning (lit. ' yellow book ') refers to the traditional set of the Islamic texts used by the educational curriculum of the Islamic seminary in Indonesia, especially within the madrasahs and pesantrens.
The viable system model (VSM) by Stafford Beer. Management cybernetics is concerned with the application of cybernetics to management and organizations. "Management cybernetics" was first introduced by Stafford Beer in the late 1950s [1] and introduces the various mechanisms of self-regulation applied by and to organizational settings, as seen through a cybernetics perspective.