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Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 / ˌ k oʊ k j uː ˈ t ɛ n /), also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body. [1] [2] [3] It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and dietary supplements.
A ubiquinol is an electron-rich (reduced) form of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone). The term most often refers to ubiquinol-10 , with a 10-unit tail most commonly found in humans. The natural ubiquinol form of coenzyme Q is 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-poly prenyl-1,4-benzoquinol, where the polyprenylated side-chain is 9-10 units long in mammals .
The International Coenzyme Q10 Association is a nonprofit association originally based in Ancona, Italy and currently in Seville, Spain.Since its establishment in 1997, it has promoted biochemical and clinical research on the substance Coenzyme Q10 in an attempt to increase the body of knowledge about the preventive and therapeutic health effects of Coenzyme Q10.
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A second ubiquinol is bound by cytochrome b. The 2Fe/2S center and B L heme each pull an electron off the bound ubiquinol, releasing two protons into the intermembrane space. One electron is transferred to cytochrome c 1 from the 2Fe/2S centre, whilst another is transferred from the B L heme to the B H Heme.
The Q cycle (named for quinol) describes a series of sequential oxidation and reduction of the lipophilic electron carrier Coenzyme Q (CoQ) between the ubiquinol and ubiquinone forms. These reactions can result in the net movement of protons across a lipid bilayer (in the case of the mitochondria, the inner mitochondrial membrane ).