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Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 / ˌ k oʊ k j uː ˈ t ɛ n /), also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and dietary supplements .
A ubiquinol is an electron-rich (reduced) form of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone). The term most often refers to ubiquinol-10, with a 10-unit tail most commonly found in humans.. The natural ubiquinol form of coenzyme Q is 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-poly prenyl-1,4-benzoquinol, where the polyprenylated side-chain is 9-10 units long in mammals.
Ubiquinol (QH 2) binds to the Q o site of complex III via hydrogen bonding to His182 of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein and Glu272 of Cytochrome b. Ubiquinone (Q), in turn, binds the Q i site of complex III. Ubiquinol is divergently oxidized (gives up one electron each) to the Rieske iron-sulfur '(FeS) protein' and to the b L heme.
Cytochrome c diffuses. The first ubiquinol (now oxidised to ubiquinone) is released, whilst the semiquinone remains bound. Round 2: A second ubiquinol is bound by cytochrome b. The 2Fe/2S center and B L heme each pull an electron off the bound ubiquinol, releasing two protons into the intermembrane space.
The oxidized state of Coenzyme Q10, called ubiquinone, is essential to the process of mitochondrial bioenergetics. It plays a decisive role in the production of ATP energy. In its reduced state (known as ubiquinol), Coenzyme Q10 is an important lipid-soluble antioxidant. [2]
The head and the tail section are joined in a condensation reaction. Ubiquinol is converted from ubiquinone by oxidoreductase enzymes. [25] In the Coenzyme Q10 cycle, all three redox forms of Coenzyme Q10 – ubiquinone, ubiquinol, and the unstable intermediate form semiubiquinone – are converted from one form to the other. [26]