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Cell entry by enveloped viruses is more complicated. Enveloped viruses enter the cell by attaching to an attachment factor located on the surface of the host cell. They then enter by endocytosis or a direct membrane fusion event. The fusion event is when the virus membrane and the host cell membrane fuse together allowing a virus to enter.
It has been found to be important for the virus pathogenesis. [citation needed] In the case of Cardiovirus A, the virus can cause encephalitis and myocarditis, mostly in rodents, which are natural hosts. The virus is transmitted from rodents to other animals. Severe epidemics have been seen in swine and elephants. [9]
To enter the cells, proteins on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where replication of the viral genome may commence.
In cardiac muscle, CAR is localized to intercalated disc structures, which electrically and mechanically couple adjacent cardiomyocytes. CAR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocarditis , dilated cardiomyopathy , and in arrhythmia susceptibility following myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia .
The virus utilizes host proteins and other cell machinery to replicate. Once the viral genome has been replicated, the progeny virions are assembled and released out of the cell. Viral pathogens capitalize on cell surface receptors that are ubiquitous and can recognize many diverse ligands for attachment and ultimately, entry into the cell.
It is the first step of viral replication. Some viruses attach to the cell membrane of the host cell and inject its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection. Attachment to a host cell is often achieved by a virus attachment protein that extends from the protein shell , of a virus. This protein is responsible for binding to a surface ...
The coronavirus can damage the heart, according to a major new study which found abnormalities in the heart function of more than half of patients.
Tissue tropism is the range of cells and tissues of a host that support growth of a particular pathogen, such as a virus, bacterium or parasite. [1] [2] Some bacteria and viruses have a broad tissue tropism and can infect many types of cells and tissues. [1] Other viruses may infect primarily a single tissue. [1]