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Phenylephrine is a selective α 1 -adrenergic receptor agonist with minimal to no β-adrenergic receptor agonist activity or induction of norepinephrine release. [5][8][15] It causes constriction of both arteries and veins. [12] Phenylephrine was patented in 1933 [16] and came into medical use in 1938. [17]
In seven healthy male subjects this dose yielded a urine concentration range of 62.8 to 294.4 microgram per milliliter (μg/mL) with mean ± standard deviation 149 ± 72 μg/mL. [121] Thus, normal dosage of 240 mg pseudoephedrine per day can result in urine concentration levels exceeding the limit of 150 μg/mL set by WADA for about half of all ...
As Yahoo Life reported last year, when taken in oral form, phenylephrine is metabolized so quickly that the amount absorbed into the bloodstream ends up being less than 1% of what was originally ...
Extracts of unripe fruit from Asian cultivars of Citrus aurantium (commonly known as "bitter" orange), collected in China, were reported to contain synephrine levels of about 0.1–0.3%, or ~1–3 mg/g; [10] Analysis of dried fruit of C. aurantium grown in Italy showed a concentration of synephrine of ~1 mg/g, with peel containing over three times more than the pulp.
After an FDA advisory committee said the decongestant phenylephrine, an ingredient found in many oral cold and flu medications, is ineffective, experts weigh in on alternatives.
Guaifenesin, also known as glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant medication taken by mouth and marketed as an aid to eliminate sputum from the respiratory tract. Chemically, it is an ether of guaiacol and glycerine. It may be used in combination with other medications. [4]
Chlorphenamine (CP, CPM), also known as chlorpheniramine, is an antihistamine used to treat the symptoms of allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever). [2] It is taken orally (by mouth). [2] The medication takes effect within two hours and lasts for about 4–6 hours. [2] It is a first-generation antihistamine and works by ...
Phenylephrine is an oral medication primarily used as a decongestant. [5] [6] It is a selective α 1-adrenergic receptor activator which results in the constriction of both arteries and veins. [5] Common side effects include nausea, headache, and anxiety. [5] Phenylephrine was patented in 1927 and came into medical use in 1938. [7]