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The bacterial DNA is not packaged using histones to form chromatin as in eukaryotes but instead exists as a highly compact supercoiled structure, the precise nature of which remains unclear. [6] Most bacterial chromosomes are circular, although some examples of linear chromosomes exist (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi). Usually, a single bacterial ...
Spiral bacteria are another major bacterial cell morphology. [2] [30] [31] [32] Spiral bacteria can be sub-classified as spirilla, spirochetes, or vibrios based on the number of twists per cell, cell thickness, cell flexibility, and motility. [33] Bacteria are known to evolve specific traits to survive in their ideal environment. [34]
Corynebacterium glutamicum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is used industrially for large-scale production of amino acids, [3] [4] especially glutamic acid and lysine. [5] While originally identified in a screen for organisms secreting L-glutamate , mutants of C. glutamicum have also been identified that produce various other ...
The peptidoglycan layer within the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAM). The alternating sugars are connected by a β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond.
Bacterial morphological plasticity refers to changes in the shape and size that bacterial cells undergo when they encounter stressful environments. Although bacteria have evolved complex molecular strategies to maintain their shape, many are able to alter their shape as a survival strategy in response to protist predators, antibiotics, the immune response, and other threats.
Unlike other bacteria that can predominantly use L-amino acids, A. baylyi is able to use D-aspartate, as well as L-aspartate, as both a primary carbon and nitrogen source, thus leading scientists to study how D-enantiomers can be used for bacterial growth. [29]
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Several macronutrients and biomolecules can cause bacterial cells to filament, including the amino acids glutamine, proline and arginine, and some branched-chain amino acids. [23] Certain bacterial species, such as Paraburkholderia elongata , will also filament as a result of a tendency to accumulate phosphate in the form of polyphosphate ...