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Byzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire, [1] as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from the decline of western Rome and lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, [2] the start date of the Byzantine period is rather clearer in art history than in political history, if still ...
The mosaics in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem show the influence of Byzantine designs. Some Western art historians have dismissed or overlooked Byzantine art in general. For example, the deeply influential painter and historian Giorgio Vasari defined the Renaissance as a rejection of "that clumsy Greek style" ("quella greca goffa maniera"). [20]
Byzantine illuminated manuscripts were produced across the Byzantine Empire, some in monasteries but others in imperial or commercial workshops. Religious images or icons were made in Byzantine art in many different media: mosaics , paintings, small statues and illuminated manuscripts . [ 1 ]
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great established a new Roman capital in Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
This Macedonian era of the Byzantine empire was so prosperous it is considered the empire's Golden Age. [2] Additionally the empire coincided with the Ottonian Renaissance in Western Europe. "Macedonian" refers to the ruling dynasty of the period, rather than where the art was created.
They saved the city, and the Byzantine Empire with it, during sieges by the Avar–Sassanian coalition, Arabs, Rus', and Bulgars, among others. The fortifications retained their usefulness after the advent of gunpowder siege cannons, which played a part in the city's fall to Ottoman forces in 1453 but were not able to breach its walls.
The Byzantine painter [working in Chora] had other ideas and a different outlook, but in his own way he was just as great a genius". [22] Andronikos II had Hagia Sophia's walls reinforced with buttresses in 1317. [23] Late in his reign there was a decline in the empire's fortunes, and little building was undertaken in the capital after 1330. [24]
The inhabitants of the empire, now generally termed Byzantines, thought of themselves as Romans (Romaioi).Their Islamic neighbours similarly called their empire the "land of the Romans" (Bilād al-Rūm), but the people of medieval Western Europe preferred to call them "Greeks" (Graeci), due to having a contested legacy to Roman identity and to associate negative connotations from ancient Latin ...