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Mustard gas or sulfur mustard are names commonly used for the organosulfur chemical compound bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH 2 CH 2 Cl) 2, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents −SCH 2 CH 2 X or −N(CH 2 CH 2 X) 2 are known as sulfur mustards or nitrogen mustards ...
The idealized combustion of mustard gas in oxygen produces hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, in addition to carbon dioxide and water: (ClC 2 H 4) 2 S + 7 O 2 → 4 CO 2 + 2 H 2 O + 2 HCl + H 2 SO 4. Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide reacts with sodium hydroxide, giving divinyl sulfide: (ClC 2 H 4) 2 S + 2 NaOH → (CH 2 =CH) 2 S + 2 H 2 O + 2 NaCl ...
Dichlorodiethyl sulfone (or mustard sulfone) is an oxidation product of mustard gas. It has the formula (ClCH 2 CH 2) 2 SO 2. Although it is irritating to the eyes, it is not nearly as bad as mustard gas (dichlorodiethyl sulfide). [1] [2]
In contrast, at pH 4 cyclization and hydrolysis show the classic form of reactions in series. [citation needed] Hydrolysis of HN1 produces toxic intermediates. [1] HN1 reacts with iron alloys, corroding them at and above 65 °C (149 °F), and reacts with metals in general, producing hydrogen gas. This can potentially cause explosions. [1]
Thiodiglycol is a Chemical Weapons Convention schedule 2 chemical used in the production of sulfur-based mustard gases. Thiodiglycol is also a product of the hydrolysis of the "mustard gas" bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide and can be detected in the urine of casualties.
The effect of vesicant (blister) agents in the form of mustard gas (sulfur mustard, Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) on bone marrow and white blood cells had been known since the First World War. [16] In 1935 several lines of chemical and biological research yielded results that would be explored after the start of the Second World War.
During experiments with ethylene and sulfur dichloride in 1860, Niemann produced mustard gas. He was among the first to document its toxic effects, [5] but he might have not been the first to synthesize it. [6] In 1860 and almost in parallel to Niemann, Frederick Guthrie reported the same reaction as Niemann. [5]
Inorganic chloramines are produced by the reaction of ammonia and hypochlorous acid or chlorine. An urban legend claims that mixing household bleach (aqueous sodium hypochlorite) with ammonia-based cleaners releases chlorine gas or mustard gas; in reality, the gas produced by the reaction is a mixture of inorganic chloramines.