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A condition X is necessary for Y if X is required for even the possibility of Y. X does not bring about Y by itself, but if there is no X, there will be no Y. For example, oxygen is necessary for fire. But one cannot assume that everywhere there is oxygen, there is fire. A condition X is sufficient for Y if X, by itself, is enough to bring about Y.
Eustress is the positive cognitive response to stress that is healthy, or gives one a feeling of fulfilment or other positive feelings. Hans Selye created the term as a subgroup of stress [3] to differentiate the wide variety of stressors and manifestations of stress. Eustress is not defined by the stress or type, but rather how one perceives ...
Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess. [1][2] Such social value includes respect, honor, assumed competence, and deference. [3] On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members who treat others well and take initiative. [4] This is one explanation for its apparent cross ...
Ad hominem tu quoque (literally: "You also") is a response to an ad hominem argument that itself goes ad hominem. [14] Tu quoque appears as: A makes a claim a. B attacks the character of A by saying they hold a property x, which is bad. A defends themself by attacking B, saying they also hold the same property x. [15]
e. In political science, the term class conflict, or class struggle, refers to the economic antagonism and political tension that exist among social classes because of clashing interests, competition for limited resources, and inequalities of power in the socioeconomic hierarchy. [1] In its simplest manifestation, class conflict refers to the ...
The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people. First proposed in 1964 after the murder of Kitty Genovese, much research, mostly in psychology research laboratories, has focused on increasingly varied factors, such ...
Life chances. Life chances (Lebenschancen in German) is a theory in sociology which refers to the opportunities each individual has to improve their quality of life. The concept was introduced by German sociologist Max Weber in the 1920s. [1] It is a probabilistic concept, describing how likely it is, given certain factors, that an individual's ...
Discrimination. Class discrimination, also known as classism, is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class. It includes individual attitudes, behaviors, systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class. [1]