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  2. Ortho acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortho_acid

    Ortho acid. In organic chemistry, ortho acids are organic, hypothetical chemical compounds having the structure R−C (OH)3 (R = alkyl or aryl). [1] Ortho acids themselves are unstable and cannot be isolated. However, ortho esters can be synthesized by the Pinner reaction, in which nitriles react with alcohols under acid catalysis:

  3. Arene substitution pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arene_substitution_pattern

    Main arene substitution patterns. In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions next to each other, which may be numbered 1 and 2. In the diagram, these positions are marked R and ortho. In meta-substitution the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3 (corresponding to R and meta in the diagram). In para-substitution, the substituents ...

  4. Phosphoric acids and phosphates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and...

    Phosphoric acids and phosphates. Appearance. Pyrophosphoric acid. In chemistry, a phosphoric acid, in the general sense, is a phosphorus oxoacid in which each phosphorus (P) atom is in the oxidation state +5, and is bonded to four oxygen (O) atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron.

  5. Ortho effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortho_effect

    Ortho effect is an organic chemistry phenomenon where the presence of a chemical group at the at ortho position or the 1 and 2 position of a phenyl ring, relative to the carboxylic compound changes the chemical properties of the compound. This is caused by steric effects and bonding interactions along with polar effects caused by the various ...

  6. Electrophilic aromatic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    Electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration, aromatic halogenation, aromatic sulfonation, alkylation Friedel–Crafts reaction and ...

  7. Phosphoric acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid

    Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric (V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus -containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula H 3 P O 4. It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution, which is a colourless, odourless, and non- volatile syrupy liquid.

  8. Hammett equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_equation

    Hammett equation. In organic chemistry, the Hammett equation describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para- substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant. [1][2] This ...

  9. Polyphosphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphate

    Polyphosphate. A polyphosphate is a salt or ester of polymeric oxyanions formed from tetrahedral PO 4 (phosphate) structural units linked together by sharing oxygen atoms. Polyphosphates can adopt linear or a cyclic (also called, ring) structures. In biology, the polyphosphate esters ADP and ATP are involved in energy storage.