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One common way in which trypanosomiasis can be diagnosed in humans is through the detection of antibodies against trypanosomes made by host organisms. [6] One commonly used antibody test which operated based on this principle is the card agglutination test, C.A.T.T. for T. gambiense. [6] [7] In this test, reagent is mixed with blood and shaken.
T. brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle; T. cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in humans; Trypanosoma culicavium, which infects birds and mosquitoes; T. congolense, which causes nagana in ruminant livestock, horses and a wide range of wildlife; T. equinum, in South American horses, transmitted via Tabanidae,
The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies [3]), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs), and leishmaniasis (a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of Leishmania transmitted by sandflies [4]).
Human trypanosomiasis is a cutaneous condition caused by several species of trypanosomes, with skin manifestations usually being observed in the earlier stages of the disease as evanescent erythema, erythema multiforme, and edema, especially angioedema.
African trypanosomiasis is an insect-borne parasitic infection of humans and other animals. [3]Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as African sleeping sickness or simply sleeping sickness, is caused by the species Trypanosoma brucei. [3]
The presence of T. cruzi in the blood is diagnostic of Chagas disease. During the acute phase of infection, it can be detected by microscopic examination of fresh anticoagulated blood, or its buffy coat , for motile parasites; or by preparation of thin and thick blood smears stained with Giemsa , for direct visualization of parasites.
The first is a parasite of non-human mammals and causes nagana, while the latter two are zoonotic infecting both humans and animals and cause African trypanosomiasis. T. brucei is transmitted between mammal hosts by an insect vector belonging to different species of tsetse fly (Glossina). Transmission occurs by biting during the insect's blood ...
This behaviour causes disease or the likelihood of disease that varies with the organism: Chagas disease in humans, dourine and surra in horses, and a brucellosis-like disease in cattle. Parasites need a host body and the haematophagous insect triatomine (descriptions "assassin bug", "cone-nose bug", and "kissing bug") is the major vector in ...