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In English, gh historically represented [x] (the voiceless velar fricative, as in the Scottish Gaelic word loch), and still does in lough and certain other Hiberno-English words, especially proper nouns. In the dominant dialects of modern English, gh is almost always either silent or pronounced /f/ (see Ough).
The word is intended to be pronounced in the same way as fish (/ f ɪ ʃ /), using these sounds: gh, pronounced / f / as in enough / ɪ ˈ n ʌ f / or tough / t ʌ f /; o, pronounced / ɪ / as in women / ˈ w ɪ m ɪ n /; ti, pronounced / ʃ / as in nation / ˈ n eɪ ʃ ən / or motion / ˈ m oʊ ʃ ən /. The key to the phenomenon is that the ...
Conversely, gh is never pronounced /f/ in syllable onsets other than in inflected forms, and is almost never pronounced /ɡ/ in syllable codas (the proper name Pittsburgh is an exception). Some words contain silent letters , which do not represent any sound in modern English pronunciation.
Do not make this change if the spelling suggests an incorrect pronunciation: baked not bakt; hoped not hopt, a.s.f. EI pronounced /iː/ use IE: conceit→conciet, deceive→deciev –EY pronounced /iː/ use –Y: chimney→chimny, money→mony GH pronounced /f/ use F, drop the silent letter in the foregoing digraph: cough→cof, laugh→laf ...
In English orthography, the letter k normally reflects the pronunciation of [] and the letter g normally is pronounced /ɡ/ or "hard" g , as in goose, gargoyle and game; /d͡ʒ/ or "soft" g , generally before i or e , as in giant, ginger and geology; or /ʒ/ in some words of French origin, such as rouge, beige and genre.
This letter is pronounced [ħ] and it conflicts with the [h] sound of another letter, so an upper case “H” is used. خ: x Pronounced [x]. د: d Pronounced [d]. ذ * Pronounced [ð]. It has a dot above it so the single asterisk that looks similar to a dot above the line was used. ر: r Pronounced [r]. ز: z Pronounced [z]. س: s Pronounced ...
The digraphs gh and ph become f when pronounced /f/. Examples: draught → draft, sulphur → sulfr, photograph → fotograf. The letter g is changed to j when pronounced /dʒ/ or /ʒ/. Examples: judge → juj, rouge → ruje. The combinations ig and igh are changed to y when pronounced /aɪ/. Examples: flight → flyt, sign → syn.
A period / full stop was used for forceful pronunciation. E.g., (.f) was a "violently hissed (f)", and (.gh) a "violently buzzed [= voiced] (gh)". In the case of .r , it produced a trill. However, with other letters for alveolar consonants it was taken to mean 'advanced', with "the tip of the tongue on gums" (presumably dental, though that ...