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In particular, Standard Canadian English is defined by the cot–caught merger to ⓘ and an accompanying chain shift of vowel sounds, which is called the Canadian Shift. A subset of the dialect geographically at its central core, excluding British Columbia to the west and everything east of Montreal, has been called Inland Canadian English.
Pure vowels of a Standard Canadian English speaker in Toronto on a vowel chart, from Tse (2018:141). It shows the Canadian Shift from [ɪ, ɛ, æ] towards [ɘ, ɛ̠, ä] as well as the cot-caught merger towards a rounded open back vowel .
In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
English: Vowel chart of Toronto English, showing the w:Canadian Shift from /ɪ,ɛ,æ/ (kit, dress, trap) towards /ʊ,ʌ,ɑ/ (koot, druss, trop) as well as the w:cot-caught merger towards a rounded low back vowel /ɒ/ (not a lot → nawt a lawt). /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ normally remain distinct from /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ as the latter are still more front.
The cot–caught merger to [ɒ] creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system [36] and triggers a sound change known as the Canadian Shift, mainly found in Ontario, English-speaking Montreal, and further west, and led by Ontarians and women; it involves the front lax vowels /æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/.
English: Canadian raising on a vowel chart. Date: 17 November 2017: Source: Own work, based on the vowel chart in Rogers, Henry (2000) The Sounds of Language: ...
A simplified diagram of Canadian raising (Rogers 2000:124).Actual starting points vary. Canadian raising (also sometimes known as English diphthong raising [1]) is an allophonic rule of phonology in many varieties of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points.
English dialects differ greatly in their pronunciation of open vowels. In Received Pronunciation, there are four open back vowels, /æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/, but in General American there are only three, /æ ɑ ɔ/, and in most dialects of Canadian English only two, /æ ɒ/. Which words have which vowel varies between dialects.