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For example, p-bromobiphenyl may be prepared from 4-bromoaniline and benzene: [4] BrC 6 H 4 NH 2 + C 6 H 6 → BrC 6 H 4 −C 6 H 5. The reaction offers a wide scope for both diazonium component and arene component but yields are generally low following the original procedure (less than 40%), given the many side-reactions of diazonium salts.
In the gas phase, the comproportionation reaction is much faster because of the much higher mobility of the reacting species as illustrated, e.g., in the Claus reaction where H 2 S and SO 2 react together to form elemental sulfur. Various classical comproportionation reactions are detailed in the series of examples here below.
The Ugi reaction has been applied in combination with an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction [16] in an extended multistep reaction. A reaction in its own right is the Ugi–Smiles reaction with the carboxylic acid component replaced by a phenol. In this reaction the Mumm rearrangement in the final step is replaced by the Smiles rearrangement. [17]
Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. One important reaction type is this: R−M + R'−X → R−R' + MX (R, R' = organic fragments, usually aryl; M = main group center such as Li or MgX; X = halide) These reactions are used to form carbon–carbon bonds but also carbon-heteroatom bonds.
Using the twenty natural amino acids, for example, in a tripeptide creates 8,000 (20 3) possibilities. Solid-phase methods for small molecules were later introduced and Furka devised a "split and mix" approach [2] [4] In its modern form, combinatorial chemistry has probably had its biggest impact in the pharmaceutical industry. [5]
A multi-component reaction (or MCR), sometimes referred to as a "Multi-component Assembly Process" (or MCAP), is a chemical reaction where three or more compounds react to form a single product. [1] By definition, multicomponent reactions are those reactions whereby more than two reactants combine in a sequential manner to give highly selective ...
These strategies can be grouped into approaches for managing reaction sequences. Reaction Sequences: Multistep synthesis involves sequential chemical reactions, each requiring its own work-up to isolate intermediates before proceeding to the next stage. [4] For example, the synthesis of paracetamol typically requires three separate reactions.
Under STP, a reaction between three cubic meters of hydrogen gas and one cubic meter of nitrogen gas will produce about two cubic meters of ammonia.. The law of combining volumes states that when gases chemically react together, they do so in amounts by volume which bear small whole-number ratios (the volumes calculated at the same temperature and pressure).