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In a free-radical addition, there are two chain propagation steps. In one, the adding radical attaches to a multiply-bonded precursor to give a radical with lesser bond order. In the other, the newly-formed radical product abstracts another substituent from the adding reagent to regenerate the adding radical. [3]: 743–744
The term benzylic is used to describe the position of the first carbon bonded to a benzene or other aromatic ring. For example, (C 6 H 5)(CH 3) 2 C + is referred to as a "benzylic" carbocation. The benzyl free radical has the formula C 6 H 5 CH 2 •.
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C 6 H 6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.
Consider para-disubstituted benzene p-F-C 6 H 4-Z, where Z is a substituent such as NH 2, NO 2, etc. The fluorine atom is para with respect to the substituent Z in the benzene ring. The image on the right shows four distinguished ring carbon atoms, C1, C2, C3, C4 in p-F-C 6 H 4-Z molecule. The carbon with Z is defined as C1(ipso) and ...
The mechanism of S N 2 reaction does not occur due to steric hindrance of the benzene ring. In order to attack the C atom, the nucleophile must approach in line with the C-LG (leaving group) bond from the back, where the benzene ring lies. It follows the general rule for which S N 2 reactions occur only at a tetrahedral carbon atom.
Substituents add ortho to the amine in diethyl-(meta-trifluoromethyl)aniline and ortho to the fluoride in para-fluorobenzaldehyde; When multiple substituents are comparably activating, steric hindrance dominates regioselectivity. Substituents add ortho to the methyl group in para-(tert-butyl)toluene
In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions next to each other, which may be numbered 1 and 2.In the diagram, these positions are marked R and ortho.; In meta-substitution, the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3 (corresponding to R and meta in the diagram).
In organic chemistry, hydroamination is the addition of an N−H bond of an amine across a carbon-carbon multiple bond of an alkene, alkyne, diene, or allene. [1] In the ideal case, hydroamination is atom economical and green. [2]