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Pretty Ladies is the name archaeologists gave to pre-Columbian female figurines in Mexico, from the Chupícuaro, Michoacan, and Tlatilco [1] cultures at the beginning of the 20th century. [ 2 ] Archaeological research and context
Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican arts contain evidence of a gendered division of labor, depicting women engaged in domestic labor such as weaving, childrearing, tending to animals, and giving birth. Weaving was more strongly associated with gender for the Classic Mexica than the Classic Maya, for which it indicated class. [6]
Mesoamerican is the adjective generally used to refer to that group of pre-Columbian cultures. This refers to an environmental area occupied by an assortment of ancient cultures that shared religious beliefs, art, architecture, and technology in the Americas for more than three thousand years.
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC).
Elite hereditary rulers held sway over these small- to medium-sized regional centers, none over 2000 km 2, maintaining their rule through political and religious control of far-flung trade networks and legitimizing it through typical Mesoamerican rites such as bloodletting, human sacrifice, warfare, and use of exotic goods. [3]
This category and its subcategories contain articles relating to gender and gender studies (concepts, identity, roles, in/equalities, depictions in art, socio-political settings, etc) in Mesoamerican cultures — particularly for the pre-Columbian era, but also extending where appropriate to the conquest/colonial-era and contemporary indigenous cultures of the region.
Map of Pre-Columbian states of Mexico just before the Spanish conquest. The pre-Columbian (or prehispanic) history of the territory now making up the country of Mexico is known through the work of archaeologists and epigraphers, and through the accounts of Spanish conquistadores, settlers and clergymen as well as the indigenous chroniclers of the immediate post-conquest period.
The Mesoamerican ballgame was a sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by nearly all pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica. The sport had different versions in different places during the millennia, and a modern version of the game, ulama , is still played in a few places.