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The standard minimum interpacket gap for transmission is 96 bit times (the time it takes to transmit 96 bits of data on the medium). The time is measured from the end of the frame check sequence of one frame to the start of the preamble for the next.
The ultimate objective is to freeze the specimen so rapidly (at 10 4 to 10 6 K per second) that ice crystals are unable to form, or are prevented from growing big enough to cause damage to the specimen's ultrastructure. The formation of samples containing specimens in amorphous ice is the "holy grail" of biological cryomicroscopy. [citation needed]
This is done by using a framing marker, a special bit-sequence or character value that indicates where the boundaries between packets fall. Data stuffing is the process that transforms the packet data before transmission to eliminate all occurrences of the framing marker, so that when the receiver detects a marker, it can be certain that the ...
Controlled-rate and slow freezing, also known as slow programmable freezing (SPF), [18] is a technique where cells are cooled to around -196 °C over the course of several hours. Slow programmable freezing was developed during the early 1970s, and eventually resulted in the first human frozen embryo birth in 1984. Since then, machines that ...
AAL 5 is a widely used ATM adaptation layer protocol. This protocol was intended to provide a streamlined transport facility for higher-layer protocols that are connection oriented. AAL 5 was introduced to: reduce protocol processing overhead. reduce transmission overhead. ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols.
10 0001 0000 1: byte → value push a byte onto the stack as an integer value: breakpoint ca 1100 1010 reserved for breakpoints in Java debuggers; should not appear in any class file caload 34 0011 0100 arrayref, index → value load a char from an array castore 55 0101 0101 arrayref, index, value → store a char into an array checkcast c0 ...
- The characteristic of this protocol is ti have a single-bit tag with each cache line in MM, indicating that a cache have the line in D state. - This bit prevents a possible race condition if the D cache does not respond quickly enough to inhibit the MM from responding before being updating. - The data comes always from MM - No use of "shared ...
When the intracellular water freezes, the cell will expand, and without cold hardening the cell would rupture. To protect the cell membrane from expansion induced damage, the plant cell changes the proportions of almost all lipids in the cell membrane, and increases the amount of total soluble protein and other cryoprotecting molecules, like ...