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In mathematics, Abel's identity (also called Abel's formula [1] or Abel's differential equation identity) is an equation that expresses the Wronskian of two solutions of a homogeneous second-order linear ordinary differential equation in terms of a coefficient of the original differential equation.
Sturm–Liouville theory is a theory of a special type of second-order linear ordinary differential equation. Their solutions are based on eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of linear operators defined via second-order homogeneous linear equations.
A differential equation can be homogeneous in either of two respects.. A first order differential equation is said to be homogeneous if it may be written (,) = (,),where f and g are homogeneous functions of the same degree of x and y. [1]
The order of the differential equation is the highest order of derivative of the unknown function that appears in the differential equation. For example, an equation containing only first-order derivatives is a first-order differential equation, an equation containing the second-order derivative is a second-order differential equation, and so on.
Consider the general, homogeneous, second-order linear constant coefficient ordinary differential equation. (ODE) ″ + ′ + =, where ,, are real non-zero coefficients. . Two linearly independent solutions for this ODE can be straightforwardly found using characteristic equations except for the case when the discriminant, , vanish
Consider the simple nonlinear second-order differential equation: ″ = (′). This equation is an equation only of y'' and y' , meaning it is reducible to the general form described above and is, therefore, separable.
If u(x) and v(x) are two non-trivial continuous linearly independent solutions to a homogeneous second order linear differential equation with x 0 and x 1 being successive roots of u(x), then v(x) has exactly one root in the open interval (x 0, x 1). It is a special case of the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem.
The second-order autonomous equation = (, ′) is more difficult, but it can be solved [2] by introducing the new variable = and expressing the second derivative of via the chain rule as = = = so that the original equation becomes = (,) which is a first order equation containing no reference to the independent variable .