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The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. [1] [2] In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step.
The Huang modification or Huang-Minlon modification [2] [3] is named after Huang Minlon, the earliest instance of an organic reaction associated with the name of a Chinese chemist. Due to the unorthodox spelling of his name as "Huang-Minlon" [ 4 ] (making no indication of whether this was a given or family name) in the original reports of his ...
Mechanism of Wolff-Kishner reduction. Aromatic carbonyls are more readily reduced to their respective alkanes than aliphatic compounds. [26] For example, ketones are reduced to their respective alkyl benzenes by catalytic hydrogenation [27] [28] or by Birch reduction [29] under mild conditions.
The reaction is occasionally called the Wolff-Schröter rearrangement. [2] The Wolff rearrangement was not commonly used until 20 years after it was discovered, as facile diazo ketone synthesis was unknown until the 1930s. [2] The reaction has proven useful in synthetic organic chemistry and many reviews have been published. [1] [2] Wolff's ...
The Wharton olefin synthesis or the Wharton reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the reduction of α,β-epoxy ketones using hydrazine to give allylic alcohols. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This reaction, introduced in 1961 by P. S. Wharton, is an extension of the Wolff–Kishner reduction .
In 1910 he described the catalytic decomposition of alcylidenhydrazines, which was later named as the Wolff–Kishner reduction. [1] [3] [4] In 1912, Kischner later applied the catalytic decomposition to pyrazoline bases and developed a versatile method for the preparation of substituted cyclopropanes by thermal decomposition of pyrazolines.
The physical manifestation of leaving group ability is the rate at which a reaction takes place. Good leaving groups give fast reactions. By transition state theory, this implies that reactions involving good leaving groups have low activation barriers leading to relatively stable transition states.
Huang-Minglon modification: The Huang-Minglon modification, introduced by Chinese chemist Huang Minlon, [71] [72] is a modification of the Wolff–Kishner reduction and involves heating the carbonyl compound, potassium hydroxide, and hydrazine hydrate together in ethylene glycol in a one-pot reaction. [73]