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Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning , a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and urban sociology , an academic field which studies urban life.
The concept of urban sociology as a whole has often been challenged and criticized by sociologists through time. Several different aspects from race, land, resources, etc. have broadened the idea. Manuel Castells questioned if urban sociology even exists and devoted 40 years' worth of research in order to redefine and reorganize the concept ...
Competition for land and urban resources led to spatial differentiation of urban space into zones. [7] Based on these assumptions, Park and Burgess created one of the earliest city models – Concentric ring theory first introduced in The City. Chicago and New York were typical examples of this modernist model.
[8] [9] More than this, the L.A. School poses a challenge to, what many members see as, the dominant Chicago School of Urbanism. [10] While the Chicago School presents a modernist theory of cities as based on social darwinist struggles for urban space, the Los Angeles School proposes a postmodern or postfordist vision.
Robert Ezra Park (February 14, 1864 – February 7, 1944) was an American urban sociologist who is considered to be one of the most influential figures in early U.S. sociology. [1] Park was a pioneer in the field of sociology , changing it from a passive philosophical discipline to an active discipline rooted in the study of human behavior.
Childe's own work highlighted the urban revolution which he identified as occurring in Mesopotamia in the course of the 4th millennium BCE. [3] Although sometimes interpreted [citation needed] as a model of the origins of cities and urbanism, Childe's concept in fact describes the transition from agricultural villages to state-level, urban ...
Urban social geography is a sub-field within human geography, looking at the factors within an urban environment that affect human relationships on social, economic and political levels. Those human relationships then feed back into the factors which then shape dynamics of the actual city itself.
R E Pahl writes in Urban Studies that the main draw of Harvey's book is in the third section called Urbanism and the City. According to him, the lasting contribution of this section is in the way Harvey defines urbanism—it is the processes in the contemporary city by which the products of surplus value is converted to surplus labor. [5]