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A solubility equilibrium exists when a chemical compound in the solid state is in chemical equilibrium with a solution containing the compound. This type of equilibrium is an example of dynamic equilibrium in that some individual molecules migrate between the solid and solution phases such that the rates of dissolution and precipitation are equal to one another.
The solubility of a specific solute in a specific solvent is generally expressed as the concentration of a saturated solution of the two. [1] Any of the several ways of expressing concentration of solutions can be used, such as the mass, volume, or amount in moles of the solute for a specific mass, volume, or mole amount of the solvent or of the solution.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Calcium hydroxide is modestly soluble in water, as seen for many dihydroxides. Its solubility increases from 0.66 g/L at 100 °C to 1.89 g/L at 0 °C. [8] Its solubility product K sp of 5.02 × 10 −6 at 25 °C, [1] its dissociation in water is large enough that its solutions are basic according to the following dissolution reaction:
The tables below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at one atmosphere pressure. Units of solubility are given in grams of substance per 100 millilitres of water (g/(100 mL)), unless shown otherwise. The substances are listed in alphabetical order.
Potassium persulfate can be prepared by electrolysis of a cold solution potassium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density. [1] [4]2 KHSO 4 → K 2 S 2 O 8 + H 2. It can also be prepared by adding potassium bisulfate (KHSO 4) to a solution of the more soluble salt ammonium peroxydisulfate (NH 4) 2 S 2 O 8.
PbCl 2 is sparingly soluble in water, solubility product K sp = 1.7 × 10 −5 at 20 °C. It is one of only 5 commonly water-insoluble chlorides, the other 4 being thallium(I) chloride , silver chloride (AgCl) with K sp = 1.8 × 10 −10 , copper(I) chloride (CuCl) with K sp = 1.72 × 10 −7 and mercury(I) chloride (Hg 2 Cl 2 ) with K sp = 1.3 ...
Solubility product (K sp) 3.9 × 10 −11 [1] Solubility: insoluble in acetone slightly soluble in acid Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −28.0·10 −6 cm 3 /mol